Energy Source Comparison

As the world's population increases and there is continued comparison to the current western European, Japanese, and North American living standards, there is likely to be demand for more electrical power. Energy sources available in the world include coal, nuclear, hydroelectric, gas, wind, solar, refuse-based, and biomass. In addition, fusion had been originally proposed as the long-term source.

Every form of energy generation has advantages and disadvantages as shown in the table below.

Source	Advantages	Disadvantages
Coal	Inexpensive Easy to recover (in U.S. and Russia) Used for base load	Requires expensive air pollution controls (e.g. mercury, sulfur dioxide) Significant contributor to acid rain and carbon dioxide Major pollutants - NO_xSO₂, Particulates, Ozone, Marcury Requires extensive transportation system Ash ponds needed to store bottom ash and flyash Flyash contains heavy metals Stack gases release higher levels of radioactivity than nuclear plants during normal operation Many deaths incurred during the mining of coal
Nuclear	Fuel is inexpensive Energy generation is the most concentrated source Waste is more compact than any source Extensive scientific basis for the cycle Easy to transport as new fuel No greenhouse or acid rain effects Used for base load	Requires larger capital cost because of emergency, containment, radioactive waste and storage systems Requires resolution of the long-term high level waste storage issue in most countries Potential nuclear proliferation issue Accidents can result in major releases of I¹³¹ , Cs¹³⁷, other radioactive products as at Fukushima and Chernobyl
Hydroelectric	Very inexpensive once dam is built Government has invested heavily in building dams, particularly in the Western U.S.	Very expensive to build Very limited source since depends on water elevation Many dams available currently exist (not much of a future source[depends on country]) Dam collapse usually leads to loss of life Dams have affected fish (e.g. salmon runs) Environmental damage for areas flooded (backed up) and downstream Variable source, depends on amount of rain and snow pack
Gas / Oil	Good distribution system for current use levels Easy to obtain Better as space heating energy source	Very limited availability as shown by shortages during winters several years ago Could be major contributor to global warming, 1/3 less than coal Expensive for energy generation Large price swings with supply and demand
Wind	Wind is free if available Good source for periodic water pumping demands of farms as used earlier in 1900's Generation and maintenance costs have decreased. Wind is proving to be a reasonable cost renewable source. Well suited to rural areas.	Need 3x the amount of installed generation to meet demand Limited to windy areas. Limited to small generator size (currently 2MW typical max); need many towers. Need expensive energy storage (e.g. batteries or pumped storage) Highly climate dependent - wind can damage equipment during windstorms or not turn during still summer days. Can affect endangered birds, however tower design can reduce impact. Major negative impact is on birds and bats Variable source Visual impact attributed to reduce property values Have been known to cause whale beaching (Newsweek April 4, 2011)
Solar	Sunlight is free when available	Limited to southern areas of U.S. and other sunny areas throughout the world (demand can be highest when least available, e.g winter solar heating) Does require special materials for mirrors/panels that can affect environment Current technology requires large amounts of land for small amounts of energy generation Very expensive
Biomass	Industry in its infancy Could create jobs because smaller plants would be used	Inefficient if small plants are used Could be significant contributor to global warming because fuel has low heat content Can be useful for home heating (e.g. corn, grains)
Refuse Based Fuel	Fuel can have low cost Could create jobs because smaller plants would be used Low sulfur dioxide emissions	Inefficient if small plants are used Could be significant contributor to global warming because fuel has low heat content Flyash can contain metals as cadmium and lead Contain dioxins and furans in air and ash releases Gas must be used to improve combustion
Hydrogen	Combines easily with oxygen to produce water and energy	Very costly to produce Takes more energy to produce hydrogen then energy that could be recovered.
Fusion	Hydrogen and tritium could be used as fuel source Higher energy output per unit mass than fission Low radiation levels associated with process than fission-based reactors	Breakeven point has not been reached after ~40 years of expensive research and commercially available plants not expected for at least 35 years.

Throughout the world, we need every energy source we can get - including nuclear. As one can see from the table above, all energy sources have BOTH advantages AND disadvantages. Nuclear has a number of advantages that warrant its use as one of the many methods of supplying an energy-demanding world. Even with conservation efforts, energy demand has been and will continue to increase. Other factors can accelerate that increase, e.g. the proposed shift to electric cars to meet environmental air quality goals. In using each and every one of these forms of energy production, we need to make sure we conserve as much as we can so we leave sources for future generations. Energy suppliers need to ensure that they do not contribute to short and long-term environmental problems. Governments need to ensure energy is generated safely to that neither people nor the environment are harmed.

In the United States, many of the existing nuclear plants will reach the end of their currently authorized U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission license during the next 25 years. If nuclear is not used, other energy sources must be obtained.

A good perspective of future energy demands and environmental impacts is provided by the following Energy Information Administration reports:

The World Information Service on Energy Uranium Project had numerous uranium fuel cycle-related pages (covering Radiation and Health, Uranium Mining and Milling, Statistical Data · Current Issues · Impacts · Tailings Management · Further Information, Uranium Enrichment, Military Use of Depleted Uranium Phosphate Tailings).

There is a perception that there is a vast supply of natural gas; this source is being promoted as a way to meet air quality objectives by some government agencies. If gas is to be used, several questions or issues need to be addressed:

These are the questions that should be answered by federal legislators and state utility regulatory agencies. If you want to query your federal legislator, click the appropriate link- Representative - Senator.

In some cases it has been stated that nuclear has benefited from government subsidies during the early development. That is true. However, that does not mean we should throw away the investment. In fact, many governments have invested heavily in the capital infrastructure for making use of all energy sources. As an example, electricity costs in the Tennessee Valley and Pacific Northwest are lower because of previous government subsidizes of hydroelectric power - through the building of the dams and the support of the Tennessee Valley Authority and Bonneville Power Administration. Solar, coal, and wind programs have also received government funding. In general, the United States government has promoted inexpensive energy by taxing energy use at lower rates than in a number of other countries.

To ensure that energy resources will be available for future generations, we need to take actions in the following areas: